Regarding "The Wounded"[TNG4]

In this episode set in 2367, Captain Benjamin Maxwell of the USS Phoenix embarks on a personal campaign against the Cardassians, who he believes to be arming for war.   The issue of his prescience is outside the scope of this document . . . one of his battles, however, is not.   As Maxwell pursues a Cardassian supply ship, the Enterprise, too distant to render aid, is forced to give the Cardassians the prefix codes of the Phoenix.   This allows a nearby Cardassian warship to attack the now-shieldless Federation starship.

We're treated to a tactical display of the event with Data as the announcer.  The weapons ranges of the ships are overlaid onto the screen.   It is not clear what circles represent what weapons, or if that's even the criteria for the various circles about the ships.   Heading and firing arc information is not displayed.  The battle appears below, with times as per the TNG DVD of the episode.

	Time:  19:12 Data reports:  "The Warship is 300,000 kilometers from the Phoenix."   At the time of this screencap, Data is speaking the word "Phoenix", and the warship is and has been closing at a moderate pace.
	Time:  19:13 Data reports that the Cardassian vessel has opened fire.    Given the above, I would estimate an absolute minimum range at this point of perhaps 250,000 kilometers.  That is absurdly small given the tiny change in distance between the blips, but gives uber-room for error.
	Time:  19:15 Data reports that "the Phoenix has taken a direct hit."   For range purposes (i.e. assuming infinitely fast weapons that were just fired), this suggests a successful attack at an absolute minimum range of about 200,000 kilometers.  For weapon speed purposes (i.e. assuming that this is the shot they opened with), this argues for a Cardassian weapons speed on the order of 100,000km/sec.
	(At this point we cut away, from 19:19 to 19:32.  During this period, Data says:  "The Phoenix is beginning evasive maneuvers. It has positioned itself outside the weapons range of the opposing ship. The Phoenix has powered up both phasers and photon torpedoes. The Phoenix is firing photon torpedoes."  Note that the Phoenix had to have re-entered the Cardassian weapons range in order to fire.) Time:  19:36 The Phoenix fired torpedoes about four seconds ago.
	Time:  19:37 The torpedoes have hit, destroying the Cardassian ship. It is already disappearing from the display in the image to the left. For range purposes (assuming infinite speed weapons), we have a range on the order of ~190,000 kilometers.   For weapon speed purposes, this would indicate a torpedo speed of 40-50,000km/sec.
	Time:  A few seconds later The Phoenix has caught up to and destroyed the supply ship.  The weapon is not specified, but seemed to be faster than the torpedoes.

This battle quite clearly indicates that Alpha Quadrant vessels have an effective tactical range (and a quite effective one, too) on the order of 200,000 kilometers at least.   (Curiously, it also suggests that the Cardassians have an advantage in weapons range against Nebula Class starships.)    Given that the targets were probably a Galor Class Cardassian warship and the same sort of transport seen later in the episode, these were both targets smaller than 500 meters.  One would expect even less trouble shooting a 1,600 meter target at such ranges.

That having been said, it is quite common for ships to close to far shorter range (indeed, this was done by a Cardassian ship which attacked the Enterprise from within 10 kilometers in this very episode).  Riker gave a possible reason for this in "A Matter of Honor"[TNG2], when he suggested that a Klingon captain close to 40,000 kilometers in order to shorten the opposing vessel's response time.   Such short-range combat may also be useful in regards to torpedo weapons, which could negatively affect the shields of the firing ship at close enough range.

In any event, with the exception of the Death Star's 77,000 kilometer shot against Alderaan, Star Wars vessels have never been seen to fire at ranges exceeding even 100 kilometers, and they commonly fight at far shorter ranges.   For more information, see here.